七、V. M. Tarvydas 將專業倫理的標準，分為三大類：專業的內部標準、專業實務工作者的臨床標準、外部規範標準。請依下列專業倫理的特色，依序寫出其歸屬上述3大類之哪一類專業倫理的標準？(10分)
Vilia M. Tarvydas
維拉·塔維達斯（Vilia Tarvydas），博士，臨床試驗協調者(CRC, Clinical Research Coordinator)，心理諮詢師(LMHC, Licensed Mental Health Counselor)，是愛荷華大學康復與諮商教育系(Department of Rehabilitation and Counselor Education at University of Iowa)榮譽退休教授，也是身心障礙與康復倫理學會(I-DARE, Institute on Disabilities and Rehabilitation Ethics)的創辦人。
（一） 以規範或機構為標準、以法律及風險管理的觀點為考量、以經費及機構或信託觀點為考量。(3分)
外部規範標準。（二） 較為聚焦在專業的考量、較為特定的各種專業標準、涉及專業認同與義務。(3分)
專業的內部標準。（三） 較為聚焦在職場場域、適用於單一領域或多重領域的標準、依個案或情境不同而異、可用於評量個別專業人員的表現、可用於測量成果。(4分)
專業實務工作者的臨床標準。COMPONENTS OF PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS
專業標準的組成部分The practice of counseling is both an art and a science, requiring the practitioner to make both value-laden and rational decisions.
諮詢的實踐既是一門藝術，也是一門科學，要求從業者既要做出有價值的決定，又要做出理性的決定。
Rather than being incompatible stances, both facts and values must be considered in juxtaposition to one another to arrive at rational decisions (Gatens-Robinson & Rubin, 1995).
事實與價值觀必須並存在一起，而不是相互矛盾的立場，才能做出理性的決定（Gatens-Robinson＆Rubin，1995）。
Within ethical deliberation, the practitioner blends such elements as personal moral sensitivities and philosophies of practice with clinical behavioral objectivity and the quest for efficient care of clients.
在道德考量中，從業人員將諸如個人道德敏感性和實踐哲學等要素與臨床行為客觀性以及對客戶的有效護理的追求融合在一起。
The nature and complexity of standards of practice for all of the professions have changed and grown over the last several decades.
在過去的幾十年中，所有專業的實踐標準的性質和復雜性都在發生變化和增長。
The term professional standards no longer simply means specifically the ethical standards of the profession.
專業標準一詞不再僅僅簡單地意味著專業的道德標準。
This term is a general term meaning professional criteria indicating acceptable professional performance (Powell & Wekell, 1996), and may encompass ethical and/or clinical care standards.
該術語是一個通用術語，表示表示可接受的專業表現的專業標準（Powell＆Wekell，1996），並且可能包含道德和/或臨床護理標準。
There are three types of standards relevant to describing professional practice: (1) the internal standards of the profession; (2) clinical standards for the individual practitioners within a profession; and (3) external regulatory standards.
與描述專業實踐有關的標準有以下三種：（1）專業的內部標準； （二）專業個體從業人員的臨床標準； （3）外部監管標準。
Taken together, these professional standards increase the status of the profession and its ability for self-governance, as well as enhancing the external representation of and accountability for the profession's competence with clients, the general public, employers, other professionals, external regulators, and payers (Rinas & Clyne-Jackson, 1988).
總而言之，這些專業標準提高了該行業的地位及其自治能力，並增強了從業人員面對客戶、公眾、雇主、其他專業人員、外部監管者和付款人時的職能全權負責的外顯展現（Rinas和Clyne-Jackson，1988年）。
These types of standards, their major characteristics, and principal components are depicted in Figure 17.1.
這些類型的標準及其主要特徵和主要組成部分在圖17.1中進行了描述。
Internal Standards
內部標準First, the internal standards of the profession form the underpinnings of the appropriate role and functions of the profession.
首先，該職業的內部標準構成了該職業適當角色和職能的基礎。
Internal standards are characterized by being focused on advancing the professionalism of the group in question, having the intent of setting a profession-wide standard of practice, and assisting individual practitioners through defining their professional identity and obligations.
內部標準的特點是專注於提高相關小組的專業水平，旨在設定整個行業的實踐標準，並通過定義其個人身份和義務來協助個人從業人員。
Prominent examples of mechanisms in this category are the profession's code of ethics and any guidelines for specialty practice relevant to the discipline.
此類別中明顯的制度的例子就是從業人員的倫理行為守則以及任何紀律的專業實務的規範。
Clinical Standards
臨床標準
The clinical standards for professional practitioners are close to the internal standards, as both are directly relevant to services delivered to the individual client or patient.
專業從業者的臨床標準接近內部標準，因為兩者都與提供給個別客戶或患者的服務直接相關。
Additional characteristics of clinical standards include focusing on single professional or interprofessional standards of clinical care.
臨床標準的其他特徵包括側重於臨床護理的單一專業或跨專業標準。
These standards may be specific to a particular setting or client population: they evaluate the competency of individual professionals based on the specific care rendered, and they have a client or patient care outcome measurement focus.
這些標準可能特定於特定的環境或服務對像人群：它們基於提供的特定護理來評估單個專業人員的能力，並且具有針對患者或患者護理結果的衡量重點。
Peer review processes and standards, as well as clinical care pathways, are examples of these standards.
同行評審流程和標準以及臨床護理途徑就是這些標準的例子。
Standards of External Regulatory Bodies
外部監管機構標準
The last component of the professional standards is the standards of external regulatory bodies of diverse sorts.
專業標準的最後一個組成部分是各種外部監管機構的標準。
These standards are focused on regulatory- or institutionallevel concerns.
這些標準側重於監管或機構層面的關注。
They usually involve legal or risk management questions and deal with funding or institutional fiduciary perspectives.
它們通常涉及法律或風險管理問題，並涉及資金或機構信託的觀點。
There is a judicial type of component in which legal or quasi-legal processes are at play; for example, community standards of a professional group being used in a malpractice suit or a code of ethics adopted by a licensure board to discipline licensees.
有司法類型的組成部分，其中法律或準法律程序在起作用；例如，在瀆職訴訟中使用的專業團體的社區標准或許可委員會採用的倫理守則來對持照者進行紀律處分。
General social values typically underlie both law and the values of the profession, making them generally compatible.
一般的社會價值通常是法律和職業價值的基礎，這使它們具有普遍的相容性。
The society would not long tolerate a profession that is routinely operated in a manner significantly at variance with its core value structure.
社會不會長期容忍以其核心價值結構明顯不同的方式常規開展的職業。
Corey, Corey, and Callanan (2010) noted that law and ethics are similar, because they both constitute guidelines for practice and, in some sense, are regulatory in nature.
Corey，Corey和Callanan（2010）指出，法律和倫理是相似的，因為它們既構成了實踐指南，又在某種意義上具有監管性質。
However, law can be seen as representing the minimum standards that society will tolerate, and ethics involves the ideal standards set by the profession itself.
但是，法律可以被視為代表著社會可以容忍的最低標準，而倫理則涉及職業本身設定的理想標準。
The law also informs the counselor of what is likely to happen if a professional is caught committing a prohibited act, such as sanctions or restrictions to a professional license to practice as a counselor.
法律還告知諮商師，如果專業人士被發現犯有違法行為，例如懲罰或限制專業顧問執業資格，可能會發生什麼。
The other component of external regulatory standards involves institutional standards used to judge the effectiveness and efficiency of an entire agency or institutional unit, as is typically done in quality assurance or utilization review.
外部監管標準的其他組成部分涉及用於判斷整個機構或機構單位的有效性和效率的機構標準，這通常在質量保證或使用情況審查中進行。
Such strategies have been common in medical settings and are becoming increasingly common in counseling—as the influence of managed care on the profession accelerates through increasing demands for outcome-based treatment planning.
此類策略在醫療環境中已經很普遍，並且在諮詢中也變得越來越普遍-隨著管理式醫療對職業的影響通過基於結果的治療計劃的需求的增加而加速。
An emphasis on evidence-based practices (such as those discussed in Chapter 19) is increasingly reflected in such standards of care.
This chapter is concerned with the ethical standards of rehabilitation counseling, but it is important to note the synergistic relationship among these three types of professional standards.
本章涉及康復諮詢的道德標準，但重要的是要注意這三種類型的專業標準之間的協同關係。
Ethics are the moral principles that are adopted by a group to provide rules for right conduct (Corey et al., 2010).
倫理是一個團體所採用的道德原則，為正確的行為提供規則（Corey等，2010）。
The code of ethics for a professional organization is a specific document formally adopted by the organization, which is an attempt to capture the profession's current consensus regarding what types of professional conduct are appropriate or inappropriate.
專業組織的倫理守則是該組織正式採用的特定文件，旨在捕獲專業人士當前對哪種類型的職業行為適當或不適當的共識。
However, they are normative statements, rather than absolute dictates of situational guidance.
但是，它們是規範性陳述，而不是情境指導的絕對指示。
[就業服務乙級109年第1梯次術科詳解目錄]
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